Can we 'vaccinate' plants to boost their immunity? - The Knit City

Can we 'vaccinate' plants to boost their immunity?

John Herlihy, Virginia Tech
When you pick up the perfect apple in the supermarket it’s easy to forget that plants get sick just like we do. A more realistic view might come from a walk outside during summer: try to find a leaf without a speck, spot or blemish. Tough, huh? Those are the signs of a microscopic battle waged every day in and on plants.

Plants get sick too. Carsten Niehaus

Just like us, plants are covered in microbes. And just like us, plants have evolved an immune system to protect against the dangerous ones. But our current agricultural system works against plants' natural immune defenses, by limiting the tools plants have to fight back and restricting evolution of new tools.
Pesticides provide us with most of the spotless produce in the grocery store. Even so, many apples still don’t make it to market. About a third end up as juice or applesauce, because they don’t meet the beauty standards of the American consumer. Forget about blemishes – Panama Disease threatens nearly all of the world’s banana production, and the only effective treatment is toxic to the soil.
Scientists studying plant immunity are figuring out how to fight plant diseases without chemical pesticides. Some researchers plan to give our crops vaccines, just like the shots we administer to ourselves to fend off the flu or smallpox. My lab seeks to identify ways plants defend themselves in the wild. With that information, we can use modern breeding techniques and genetic engineering to strengthen the immunity of our crops and gardens.

Plants have naturally evolving “resistance genes”

Over the last 25 years, advances in genetics and molecular biology have revealed new secrets of plant immunity. Computers, searching mountains of plant genetic data, have identified thousands of “resistance genes” that help plants fend off infection.
These genes are the blueprints for resistance proteins that look surprisingly like the antibodies in the human immune system. Both are modular in nature and recognize specific invading pathogens. Like a lock and key, only the proper resistance protein “lock” will recognize its corresponding pathogen “key.”
Resistance proteins also contain a switch to alert the plant that a potential threat has been found. Without the proper lock and key combination, the plant never knows the pathogen is there. If the resistance protein identifies a pathogen, other immune functions and defenses turn on to fight the intruder and attempt to keep the plant from getting “sick.”
Animals' immunity has a distinct advantage over plants', though. New antibodies are made fresh by human immune cells to recognize new pathogens we might encounter. Plants are stuck with what they’ve got. All the resistance genes they have were passed down from their parents.

Modern farms support much less diversity – and contain less immunity – than a natural wildflower field. Barbara Walsh, CC BY

Diversity is a key part of plant immune systems

Bacteria and fungi with short life cycles can evolve more quickly than plants. These pathogens can complete a life cycle in a week and produce millions of offspring. If even one changes or drops the molecular “keys” recognized by a resistance protein, it could start a new family of pathogens capable of infecting the plant.
Due to the rigidity of inherited resistance, only genetic variety among a plant species can provide a variety of resistances to pathogens. The more diverse the population of plants, the more diverse the resistance genes in the population.
Resistance genes' modular nature allows computers to find them, and is also critical for their evolution. This characteristic allows for quick rearrangements and new combinations. The mixing of genes during plant sex can lead to new chimeric resistance genes made of bits and pieces of the parents' genes. Even as the pathogens change to evade the plant, resistance genes can evolve over the generations to recognize and fight them.
Human beings' reliance on monoculture for our food supply works against the plants' natural defenses. Without a variety of resistance gene modules to work with, the plant community struggles to hit on new winning combinations. Not only are we halting the natural evolution of resistance genes, but if every plant in the field is identical, then disease that infects one can infect them all.
The plant pathogens are evolving, but we continue to grow the same plants, with the same resistance genes. To compensate, we rely more and more on pesticides to keep our crop plants healthy. Without new resistance genes our current crops of bananas and potatoes may fail.

Compensating for the diversity our crops lack

Our lab and collaborators seek to find resistance genes in wild relatives of the soybean to breed into commercial varieties. We play the role of natural selection by choosing diverse resistance that protects against economically important diseases.
Breeding can be slow and is especially difficult if the plants are only distantly related. So other labs and companies are using genome editing technologies to introduce new resistance genes quickly.

A potato suffering from late blight, the disease responsible for the Irish potato famine. U.S. Department of Agriculture, CC BY-ND

Take the example of potatoes and late blight, the disease that caused the Irish potato famine in the 19th century. Today, farmers spray fungicide as many as 15 times a year to combat the disease on potatoes. A decade of research identified and isolated a resistance gene in wild potato to fight late blight. Chemical company BASF genetically modified (GM) cultivated potato varieties in an attempt to market a GM, disease-resistant product. The project was abandoned in 2013 due to lack of interest and high regulatory barriers.
US regulators have recently approved new “Innate” potato, a GM variety with resistance genes from wild potato relatives. These potatoes recognize, and fight back against late blight – without the help of fungicide.
The use of genetic modification in food is still controversial. Many think GM plants need more testing; others say they are not natural. McDonald’s will not use the Innate potato for its French fries. Everyone can buy and eat as they choose. But sometimes I want to bite into that perfect red apple or enjoy a bag of French fries. For me, at least, the potato plant fighting for itself with the help of an added gene is more appealing than weekly applications of fungus-killing chemical chlorothalonil.
Some scientists are going a step further. Just this year researchers showed how they customized a resistance gene. In this case, rather than borrowing from nature, the “locks” have been engineered in the lab to recognize a specific pathogen “key.“ Putting the new resistance gene in plants confers synthetic immunity.
This research is still only at the in-the-lab stage, but it opens the hopeful possibility that even if diseases evolve to evade all natural plant resistance, we can engineer tools to stop them.

John Herlihy, Ph.D. Student in Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

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Kids, put down the snails, they could carry rat lungworm - the knit city

Kids, put down the snails, they could carry rat lungworm

Richard Malik, University of Sydney and Derek Spielman, University of Sydney
Around 5% of common garden snails in and around Sydney contain larvae of the parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis, commonly known as the rat lungworm. It is probably more common in Brisbane and is seen on the coast from far north Queensland down to Jervis Bay.
The definitive hosts of this parasite are black and brown rats. That’s a significant problem for the rat – and for the snails and slugs (molluscs) that are infected when they come into contact with larvae in the rat’s faeces.
These larvae go through various developmental stages in the mollusc, and the cycle is completed when slugs and snails get eaten by rats.
The problem is, the slugs and snails can be accidentally eaten by dogs, wildlife species and humans.

Animals

Most domestic animal cases occur when dogs eat molluscs, which are often attracted to their food bowls. There is also some evidence that the mucus “slime trail” of snails contains infective larvae. Puppies are most commonly infected, perhaps because of their inquisitive and curious nature and indiscriminate eating habits.
Cats are not usually infected, because if they eat a snail, which isn’t likely because of their fastidiousness, they quickly vomit them up.
If a dog eats an infectious snail or slug, larvae leave the intestinal tract and make their way to the spinal cord at the tail-end of the dog, then migrate through the tissues of the nervous system, heading towards the brain. (The same thing happens in human patients.)
Affected dogs typically develop excruciating pain, which, in some cases, can be hard to locate. In others it is clearly felt in the neck and back. Vets must collect spinal fluid to make a definitive diagnosis.
There are good treatments for this disease, using cortisone-like drugs to dampen down the inflammation, and sometimes anti-parasitic drugs to kill the larvae burrowing through the spinal cord. Most but not all dogs respond favourably to therapy.

A tawny frogmouth with severe neurologic impairment due to a heavy rat lungworm infection. Author provided.

Not so lucky are tawny frogmouths and various other avian and mammalian wildlife species, including brushtail possums and flying foxes (macrobats). These also get infected through the ingestion of slugs or snails containing rat lungworm larvae.
Most affected wildlife die a slow and painful death as a result of these infections. They tend to ingest large numbers of larvae and their small spinal cord is easily damaged through parasitic migration.

Humans

Infections of dogs and wildlife species are important in their own right. But they also serve as useful sentinels for the possibility of human disease. Rat lungworm was first seen in dogs in Sydney in 1991, but not seen in human patients until 2001.
The clinical manifestations of neural angiostrongyliasis (the name of the disease in people caused by rat lungworm migrating through the spinal cord and brain) are just as devastating and tragic in human patients, especially if a baby or infant is infected.

Microscopic appearance of A. cantonensis larvae (arrow) migrating through the brain of a brushtail possum. The same thing can be seen in affected human and canine patients. Author provided.

Several cases of neural angiostrongyliasis have been seen in Sydney and Brisbane, affecting both adult humans and infants.
Most affected children have been thought to eat slugs or snails, but it is possible that putting the snails in their mouth may have been sufficient to cause disease.
Adult humans can be infected if snails are left in vegetables used in a garden salad and ingested accidentally, and if people are foolish enough to deliberately swallow slugs or snails as a dare.
Despite the very best efforts of infectious disease clinicians and neurological teams at tertiary referral hospitals, some infected adults and children have suffered death or permanent brain impairment.
When it comes to this disease, prevention is better than cure. Here’s what you can do if you have children or a dog:

1. Control rodents in and around your house – hire a professional if need be. Use rodenticides in such a way, such as by using bait stations, that family pets do not become collateral damage. Don’t leave food and garbage around that attracts rats.
2. Control slugs and snails in the garden with pet-friendly molluscides. See your local vet for specific advice on what products are most suitable, and how to use them without risking intoxication of pets (or children).
3. Don’t let kids play with snails or slugs.
4. For dog owners, it’s likely that monthly preventative treatments for fleas and heartworm that contain moxidectin will prevent this disease. They’re not yet licensed for rat lungworm protection in Australia, but research from the United Kingdom suggests these treatments are effective.
5. Don’t leave dog bowls in places where they can be overrun with slugs and snails.

Richard Malik, Veterinary Internist (Specialist), University of Sydney and Derek Spielman, Lecturer in Veterinary Pathology, University of Sydney
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

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Five years after Fukushima, there are big lessons for nuclear disaster liability - The Knit City

Five years after Fukushima, there are big lessons for nuclear disaster liability

Makoto Takahashi, University of Cambridge
As four reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power plant suffered catastrophic cooling failures and exploded in March 2011, the world watched in disbelief. For Japan, this was not just the greatest nuclear disaster since Chernobyl. It was “the most severe crisis … since World War II.”
Five years on, the nation continues to struggle with the effects. A 10km radius of the plant remains a dead-zone: desolate and uninhabited. As many as 100,000 people still remain displaced, unable to return to their homes. Workers at the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) still don claustrophobic masks and rubber suits to venture into the Fukushima facility. Their job is to decommission the plant safely, a task that plant manager Akira Ono recently said was “about 10% complete”.
The task is beset with setbacks and spiralling costs. In December 2011 the government estimated that managing Fukushima would cost US$50 billion. By 2014 this had nearly doubled to include US$19 billion to decommission the Fukushima plant; US$22 billion to decontaminate the surrounding area; US$9 billion to build temporary storage facilities for nuclear waste; and US$43 billion to compensate the victims. Today even this looks hopelessly optimistic.

Security guard at town of Namie, north of Fukushima, 2016. EPA

Compensation

Fukushima is now the biggest civil liability case in history. More than two million people have sued TEPCO and US$50 billion has already been paid out. This is already equivalent to 400 Exxon Valdez oil spill settlements, and experts predict the total cost of compensation could rise to US$120 billion.
One notable subplot has been compensation for cases of suicide. A court’s landmark decision that TEPCO pay US$470,000 to the heirs of a 58-year-old farmer’s wife named Hamako Watanabe could prove much more costly. The Watanabe family were evacuated from the village of Yamakiya in April 2011, losing their farm and leaving them with a US$140,000 mortgage on their now uninhabitable home. Watanabe became severely depressed and during an authorised one-night visit to their home in June the same year, she burned herself to death.
Other bereaved families have also come forward. Two similar cases are now underway, with a recent Japanese government report stating that a total of 56 suicides could be tied to the disaster. And this looks conservative: the NHK broadcasting service has put the number at 130. What is certain is that the number is rising. A further 19 evacuees took their lives in 2015 and there is no reason to believe 2016 will be any different.

Anti-nuclear demonstration in Nagatacho, 2015. TK Kurikawa

Who pays

Officially the buck for everything stops with TEPCO. Under Japanese nuclear-liability law, the nuclear operator is always responsible for the full cost of an accident, even if it cannot be proven to be negligent.
In practice, the Japanese taxpayer is bearing the burden. TEPCO’s liability may be unlimited, but its assets are not. Despite the country’s earthquake history, TEPCO’s insurance policy incredibly did not cover earthquakes or tsunamis. And in accordance with regulations introduced in 2009, TEPCO was insured for up to only US$1.1 billion anyway: about a fiftieth of the damages paid out so far.
The government has been forced to prevent TEPCO’s bankruptcy – over and above all of its other Fukushima-related outgoings. It has bought a majority share and has continued to finance compensation payments through a series of indemnity agreements and loans in the form of government compensation bonds.
One has to ask whether the concept of unlimited liability has any real meaning when the operator’s capacity to pay is so limited. It also raises questions for other parts of the world. In the UK, for example, nuclear liability is capped at a mere US$220m, less than two hundreth of what TEPCO has already paid in compensation claims. Japan is evidently not be the only country that should be taking lessons from Fukushima.
Makoto Takahashi, Pre-doctoral researcher, University of Cambridge
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

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Michael Kors Blacked Out Runway Chronograph MK8157 Men's Watch - The Knit City

Michael Kors Blacked Out Runway Chronograph MK8157 Men's Watch

by Jasson C

Black has been the favorite color of everyone from Johnny Cash to Jay-Z. The all black everything is a fashion credo that never lets you go wrong. Black is formal, black is rock ‘n’ roll; black is dressy and black is casual. Black makes you instantly look more put together.

Black is evergreen. No black is too old to command attention without breaking its restrained barrier. There’s nothing about it that goes over the top; it’s understated but then again, always respected. Black delivers less flash; it’s stealth, precise and versatile in the realm of men’s fashion.

Black, in the world of watches, is a longstanding trend. The black-on-black trend; however, came later and has been hot amidst closed circuits. It's no more a new look - by any means – but rather, the norm when exclusive dressing is the code. Black has shown a tremendous staying power in the watch-domain; even what some might call the murdered-out style (black face/black strap timepieces), helps channelling the inner menace where lots of action is going on.

But blacked-out watches also cost more. At least they used to, before the Michael Kors Blacked Out Runway Chronograph MK8157 Men's Watch showed up. It freed the all-black watch from the limits of hard stunts to keep up with its presence.

The Michael Kors Bradshaw Chronograph MK8157 Men's Watch is a modern creation, decked out in ionic-plated stainless steel. From its case to its linked bracelet and to the three-eye chronograph layout, there are shiny numerics and symbolic markers while central, almost-circular structure holding the date window adds a subtle sense of depth to the blacked-out dial. It turns things sleeker and delivers the goods in top form. Ion-plated black is flawless, it is something to behold.

The Michael Kors Bradshaw Chronograph Runway Chronograph MK8157 Men's Watch is all about getting predatory at the midnight party or on the dance floor. The Runway collection of Michael Kors’ brings you the perfect piece to add a touch of boldness to every occasion. The Michael Kors Blacked Out Runway Chronograph MK8157 Men's Watch is also for the times when you are out on a Saturday stroll or deeply engrossed in a Monday meeting. Its design and its just-right case silhouette complement whatever situation or wrist. It lets you step out in style, with a masculine profile and runs on a highly precise quartz movement. There are chronograph sub-dials showing minutes and hour-totals while a separate sub-dial is there to count the normal seconds. The mineral crystal is hard and scratchproof while the ion-plated bezel and body is tough to scratch.

In short, the Michael Kors Bryn MK8157 Men's Watch is the watch to get you started for the day and stays with you till you call it a day.

More Information:

DownUnderWatches.com is Australia’s premier online store for Wrist Watches. We source our watches in bulk from suppliers around the world, and that allows us to get great deals and keep the prices low. We offer FREE DHL Express Shipping on all domestic orders! Depending on your location, you can expect your order to reach you anywhere between 2-4 days.

Source: http://www.PopularArticles.com/article469556.html

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Why it is better to use local painters - The Knit City

Why it is better to use local painters
by Steve Jones

Considering tackling painting and decorating jobs by yourself? Well, think again! You must get a team of local painters in. Why? Well, because they're going to be definitely worth the money you spend on them. Outlined in this article, we're going to take a little look at why this is the case.

First, irrespective of how good you're using a paint brush, a local painter will probably be better. In fact, you will be surprised at how good they will be. If you ever tried to paint a wall in your home, it will likely be covered in awful brush strokes (no offence intended). When you get a local painter to tackle the job, it will be a completely smooth finish, and it is going to look wonderful. Obviously, if you are planning to be having something done to your home, or even your place of business, you may as well be sure that it's brilliant straight away, right?

In addition to this, a professional painter is actually likely to have the tools ‘to hand’ that will help them perform a good job. A lot of us think that they'll spend less by carrying out the work themselves; however they don't realize exactly how expensive a quality collection of paintbrushes is going to cost. Along with this, the paint that local painters can obtain is frequently of a far better quality than standard paints, meaning that the finish is going to look fantastic. If you don't work with a good quality painter and decorator, you will not be in a position to benefit from things like this.

Finally, painting a room, even just a single room, is going to take a long time, for people with no training. That time is much better spent doing much better things. So, you will want to get yourself a professional in to get the job done for you? I mean, you might as well. Also, they are likely to finish it in a fraction of the time which you would be able to do so, however they're also likely to end up with a much better finish on the property for you. There's nothing not to love about the service that they can provide. Sure, they are going to cost you a bit of extra cash ‘up front,’ but you will quickly come to realize that they're worth every single penny that you find yourself paying them.

Remember, it is important that you're taking enough time to get yourself a good group of local painters. There are lots of companies available who say that they are able to do fantastic painting and decorating jobs, only a few of them are going to be truly great at what they do. Providing you make time to find them though, they are going to be worth each and every penny you would spend on them.

More Information:

I'm Steve Jones and I know all about " Why it is better to use local painters" If you need any more information please check out my web site.

http://www.salisburydecorators.com/blog

Source: http://www.PopularArticles.com/article469613.html

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Vijay Mallya to leave India

Here's a look at the past. Warren Anderson, in 1984, left India after the Bhopal gas tragedy in Bhopal gas leak that killed thousands of people and left crippled after the then Union Carbide CEO Warren Anderson ----- ---- India fled to India after a few hours despite the arrest. 

 Anderson, who died last year in the US ,, and it never returned to face trial Rajiv Gandhi, then Congress government to provide him safe passage is suspected of acting under US pressure. 

 Madhya Pradesh was under the Congress rule. Quattrocchi of Bofors could not be brought back in 1993, Quattrocchi, alleged that Rs 64 crore Bofors scandal Rajiv Gandhi government was involved in the foundation of an Italian businessman, escaped from India. 

 It is once again under the leadership of PV Narasimha Rao, then the Congress was in power. All spossible take steps to bring it back to the man in the party, but the extradition of an individual depends on the extradition treaty between the two countries, he said. 

 The BJP-led NDA came to power in 1999 but did not succeed after they were made with Quattrocchi. He could not be brought back to Malaysia in 2003 and Argentina in 2007. One man died in 2013. The Italian sailors came to India in 2012 to oppose the law, Massimiliano Latorre and Salvatore Girone, two Italian sailors accused of killing two Kerala fishermen escaped from the Indian Act. 

 In February 2013, the Supreme Court allowed the duo went to the polls to vote in their country after Italy refused to return them to India.

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Org charts can be done through Google Spreadsheet

You can display your business to employees in order to have a quick system diagram? Well, I open a blank Google spreadsheet with a column for the employee in charge of minutes you'll be ready to put names. Google Sheets here, but nothing is a sample organization chart is created.

Create organizational charts with
Google Spreadsheets

Here's how you put together the organization chart a Google spreadsheet. This is a direct employee of the names in the spreadsheet or chart you are meant to improve the hierarchy, the system will update the chart itself. Let's get started.

1. Google sheet and column names to open, according to an employee at the order of the names of the managers of B immediately

Step 2. Select the cells you entered and Chart from the Insert menu, choose Spreadsheet.

Step 3. Chart Editor Google Sheets, will open inside. Chart Types tab and unchecked the option to switch to the "Validation Sequence A" and then scroll down the list of available chart types, scroll "setting the table" option and click Insert to add a chart in your spreadsheet.

Unlike tools like Visio group, you can change the background, except for the Google spreadsheet with graphs and charts in different corners of adequate design options do not fill colors. In the small drop-down arrow in the chart box if you win, you have other websites that charge for embedding PNG image to see an option to download.

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How to Prevent the cold or flu

Both the flu, or influenza, and the common cold is very contagious viruses that infect people with similar symptoms and there are many. A person's respiratory system in case of flu, the common cold, it affects your nose and throat. A cure for any disease, and two, that you leave on their own, although sometimes they can get quite intense.

But following good hygiene practices and also by nipping in the bud early symptoms, to prevent the worst case scenario you will give the impression of cold or flu, or it can be completely avoided.

Wash by hand. One of the easiest and most effective achievements and prevent colds and flu is to wash your hands frequently. These bacteria reproduce and common spaces or the cold or flu virus from surfaces reduces.

1. Make sure you wet your hands before applying soap to your hands. , Scrub your hands vigorously for 20 seconds between your fingers, making sure to get under your nails, and the front and back of your hands.
2. Rinse your hands under running water and dry them with a clean towel.
3. If you can not find any soap and water, rub a hand sanitizer.

Cover your nose and mouth. Both your nose and mouth when you cough or sneezes with your hand or a tissue and then. Sneezing and coughing covering reduces your risk of spreading germs and viruses.

This will help to avoid contaminating your hands or cough in the crook of your elbow, consider a sneezing.

Throw the used tissue immediately and wash your hands afterwards. Then you have a cough or sneezing, wash your hands into them.

Vaccinate yourself. Although there is no cure for the flu, virus vaccine each year. This cold and flu season can strengthen your immunity against the condition. Is a good chance that you can get the flu vaccine, talk to your doctor about.

You should get the flu vaccine every year. A new flu vaccine for the season from the previous year more than you can carry.

Anyone over the age of 65. From the age of six months can get a flu vaccine. (65 well Pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumovax can take)

Be aware that some soreness at the injection site should be normal.

You may be able to get the vaccine in the form of a nasal spray. Shot way to inactivate the virus, but it can lessen the symptoms of the flu virus.

To your doctor, such as fever, body aches or soreness, especially if they continue to report any side effects.

Obtain a copy of the Vaccine Information Statement.

Recognize that there is a cold vaccine. Unlike the flu, the common cold, there is no vaccine. Adopting good hygiene habits is the best way to prevent it is to take care of your overall health. A healthy diet, exercising regularly, and wash your hands as soon as possible.

And please do not try to excuse yourself from situations with sick persons. For example, a friend or colleague, if you want to talk or go out, just something like, "I am very sorry to have to excuse myself because I have a responsibility before," he said.

If the patient lives in you, and try to share the same space as long as the person does not feel sick.

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How to Use the GitHub hosting files

Github, in simple English, is hosting a website source code. , Programmers built the site and, if you do not it's highly unlikely that you will ever be used on GitHub. Everyone, and Forks GitHub GitHub repositories for following a complex beast ,, basic building blocks for developers but may seem like second nature.

Although there is a place for developers to Github. The site is used as a writing platform. It can hold HTML websites. GitHub page view you can use to compare the contents of two text files. The essence of the service can be used for anonymous publishing and a task list. There're so many things to do already on Github, as well as how you can use a free file hosting service.

This is a file some simple steps to turn your github repository. You can upload files from the browser, and they have a common repository (Google Drive shared similar) can upload files, you can add collaborators. So someone has a direct link to download the files to the public. A definition that can be individual files larger than 25 MB is not each. Although the bandwidth limits are known.

Step 1: github.com go and sign up for a free account, if you do not have one. That's all that we have in our files as a free hosting plan selection.

Step 2: "New Repository" button click, or hosting your files, create a new repository, github.com/new go. You can think of a repository in a folder on your computer.

Step 3: Give your repository with a name and a description and click the Create button. To find your files on the Internet, it can be helpful to others, it helps to have an explanation. You can also private repositories, but that requires a monthly subscription.

Step 4: You will be empty at the beginning of the repository. In the next screen, click on the button to start the import code repository.

Step 5: The repository https://github.com/labnol/files.git Paste the URL into the field and click Import to start hosting files to create your github repository.

Upload files from Github

Is now ready for your Github repository. Click the Upload File button and start files. You can drag files from the desktop to one or more of the files on the internet and then implemented the changes and click Publish. As long as no file size limits 25 MB can not accept Github.

GitHub is a built-in PDF, plain text and image files (including animated GIF s) trailer anyone can view them without downloading the actual file. Any file with a simple URL hosted on GitHub another source (downloadable) version to be hacked.

Once the file is uploaded to GitHub, clicking on the file name in the list and you will get the URL in the browser's address file. Include? URL source = true and you have a downloadable / embeddable version is available.

For example, if the file URL github.com/labnol/files/hello.pdf, github.com/labnol/files/hello.pdf?raw=true direct link to the same file. If an image file is uploaded, you can even embed it on your website using standard image tag.

Here is a sample file repository on GitHub's. T-Rex image here and there is a direct link here. You can add the repository, go to Settings and one or more collaborators. They then get write access to your repository can add or delete files.

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How do ebooks through Google Docs?

Adobe PDF document format is very popular on the Internet, but on the ePub format eBook lovers to like us, there's a reason why. PDF documents have a standard set of Fixed page breaks, but an ePub document's system is "responsive", which means that it will automatically adjust to different sizes.

You can read an ePub book or in your desktop Google Play Books app on your Android phone, they need to look good. Furthermore, based on the ePub files under the hood, HTML5 documents, text size and font family can easily be adjusted to a better reading experience.

How to Create EPUB eBooks

Stanza and caliber of Adobe EPUB eBooks is making the popular desktop software, but now can be done just as easily in the browser using Google Docs itself. Just writing a document in Google Docs, or Google Drive into your existing Microsoft Word file upload, download the menu, choose output ePub file and move on.

Here in this article, Google Docs is generated by an ePub version.

You Better yet, you can copy your mobile phone or upload to the Google Books website and the ePub ebook to access from anywhere and get an ePub file. You can also read it in the browser. Google Books to upload an eBook, go here and click on the button to upload the files. Files are visible only to you.

EPub files to iPad, Nook and Google Play books to read. Amazon Kindle does not support ePub, but the Kindle is an easy way to convert that support ePub mobi format.

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some measures in the 2016 federal budget

In an aim to provide all housing, affordable housing, which will enable the Government to come up with some measures in the 2016

federal budget.

 1. Land of 30 square up to a 100% deduction of profits, it is one thing to be in the program. In other cities, during June 2016 and March 2019 to approve the completion of three years and 60 square meters in the four metro cities. M.

2., MAT apply.

3. The cost of the house does not exceed Rs 50 lakh, where the first-time home buyers, and approved in 2016-17 for loans up to Rs 35 lakh per annum interest on the additional deduction of Rs 50,000.

4. REITs and certain shares after the date of distribution of INVITs sun made out of income in respect of the dividends distributed, subject to dividend distribution tax. No federal or state government, including PPP projects under the program of construction of affordable housing for up to 60 square meters

5. For service tax exemption.

6. Use Ready Mix Concrete construction work on the site of the excise tax exemption currently available to the concrete mix, stretch.

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Aliens who wants to communicate with humans?

Can not see the measure of the universe, the earth is the only creature who lives on the planet, there is no other planet that no official evidence of any creature.S

ome of the evidence in its base.

It is very important evidence.Even the world's best science and technology and scientists cite evidence 'twice-once' realism is to stimulate thinking.

Edward Snowden often arouse great controversy among the countries of the world, has triggered a controversy about the message sent by Aliens.

Edward Snowden, the United States (NSA) from time to time based on secret information publisher. (National Security Agency - NSA) is an organization of the United States Signal Intelligence.

Edward Snowden, space physics scientist conducted a meeting with Neville. That message must be sent to us will be meeting with the Aliens, but we find them, unable to understand, he said.

Alien Message can not be understood because information (encrypted) information that Snowden said.Many kinds sophisticated attempts to undertake a fact-based understanding of alien Alien can decode Snowdon says.Aliens wanted to get in touch with the earth, the planet, the human race is not in a position to understand it, he said.

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Google Friend Connect ?- The Knit City

Google Friend Connect was a free social networking site form 2008 to 2012.similar in practice to face book platform and MyspaceID , it took a decentralized approach , allowing users to build a profile to share and update information via third party sites.

APIs

1. Customizing the appearance of Google friend connect to match their websites styles and designs.
2. advertising and website content tailored to individual user profiles. 
3. querying the content of user profile 

Approximately 200000 websites are said to use google friend connect and 2889 of them are in the top million visited sites on the Internet. Google however estimates it has over 5 million sites using friend connect.

99% of sites were said to not be socially enabled prior to the introduction of friend connect services.

Google friend connect was first previewed at a Google developer event in may 2008 and launched within days of face book platform

when active, the website owner set the language of their site, and then allowed the user to translate selected content into their own specified language.

personalization was intended to be achieved through gadgets. gadgets such as interests. allowed third party sites to send out newsletters to those subscribed to the site and to customize newsletters based on user responses.

Google friend connect had and adsense feature that leg Google advertise based on site content and the user interests that are publicly shared by the user

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Waterfall railway station, Sydney?

Waterfall railway station is located on the Ilawarra line, serving the Sydney suburb of Waterfall. It is served by Sydney Trains T4 Illwarra line services and NSW Train Link South Coast services.

The station opened on 9 March 1886 as Waterfalls, being renamed later in the year. It served as the line's terminus until it was extended to Scarborough in 1887. When the line was duplicated from Hurst ville on 12 December 1890, the station was relocated northwards. In 1897 a locomotive depot opened.

On 4 May 1905 the station moved 600 meters north to its present location.

On 20 December 1994, a shunting accident involving two empty S sets saw one train jack-knife onto the platform, demolishing the concrete pedestrian bridge.South of Waterfall railway station is the site of the Waterfall train disaster, a rail accident that claimed the lives of the driver and six passengers on 31 January 2003.

Work commenced in late 2013 to make the station fully wheelchair accessible.

Waterfall has sidings for staging freight trains in either direction and a bypass track for goods trains on either side of the platforms. There are also three sidings for the stabling of suburban electric trains to the east of the station. If both platforms at Waterfall station are occupied, then trains that do not stop at Waterfall will also pass by on the bypass tracks.

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what is the Criticism of modern medicine?

A major problem for modern medicine has been lack of access in poor regions. There is an "outcome gap" between the rich and poor that is most noticeable with expensive-to-treat diseases like AIDS and tuberculosis. The majority of medical resources and therapies are concentrated in the rich, low-incidence regions such as the West. On the other hand, countries in the developing world have high rates of HIV but lack the necessary resources to treat them.

 Medical errors and overmedication and other forms of iatrogenesis (harms caused by medical treatment) are also the focus of complaints and negative coverage. Practitioners of human factors engineering believe that there is much that medicine may usefully gain by emulating concepts in aviation safety, where it is recognized that it common in identifying sources of error and improving practice.
is dangerous to place too much responsibility on one "superhuman" individual and expect him or her not to make errors. Reporting systems and checking mechanisms are becoming more

 Clinical versus statistical, algorithmic diagnostic methods were famously examined in psychiatric practice in a 1954 book by Paul E. Meehl, which found statistical methods superior. A 2000 meta-analysis comparing these methods in both psychology and medicine found that statistical or "mechanical" diagnostic methods were, in general, although not always, superior. Disparities in quality of care given among local demographics are often an additional cause of controversy. For example, elderly mentally ill patients received poorer care during hospitalization in a 2008 study.
 Rural poor African-American men were used in an infamous study of syphilis that denied them basic medical care.

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Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta - the knit city

Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (born January 29, 1945), or as he is often known, IBK, is a Malian politician who has been President of Mali since 2013.

 Previously he was Prime Minister of Mali from 1994 to 2000 and President of the National Assembly of Mali from 2002 to 2007.

He founded a political party, Rally for Mali (RPM), in 2001.

He was elected as President in the July–August 2013 presidential election and sworn in on 4 September 2013.

keita was born in koutiala , mali . he studied at the lycee janson de sailly in paris and lycee askia mihamed in bamako, continuing his education at the university of kakar, the university of paris he has a master's degree in international relations.

He went on to become mali director for the french chapter of terre des hommes, an international NGO aiding children inthe developing world.

Disagreements within ADEMA forced him to resign as Prime Minister on February 14, 2000, and then from the leadership of the party in October 2000. He then founded his own party, the Rally for Mali (RPM), which he has led since its creation was announced on June 30, 2001

Keïta was also elected as President of the Executive Committee of the African Parliamentary Union on October 24, 2002 at its Khartoum Conference

Keïta is married and has four children.^[His son Karim is a member of the National Assembly and married to a daughter of Issaka Sidibé, President of the National Assembly.

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3D Sex and Zen: Extreme Ecstasy - the knit city

3D sex and zen extreme ecstasy is a 2011 Hong kong 3d erotic costume drama film directed by christopher suen and produced by new zealand on 14 april 2011.

it is more dark and dramatic, and it occasionally pays homage to the humour of the earlier films

A conceited ming dynsty scholar, weiyangsheng, believes that since life is short , one should pursue the ultimate sexual pleasure as time permits. by chance, he meets yuxiang, the daughter ofthe taoist priest tie fei, falls in love with her on first sight , and marries her

in Australia and New Zealand, the film was screened by Hoyts.

Duringthe chinese new year in 2011 , T-shirts and 3d mouse pads with potraits of the cast were sold at the lunar new year fair in victoria park , hong kong

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